對外經濟貿易大學 - 話題

2008年碩士學位研究生入學考試初試試題
對外經濟貿易大學
2008年碩士學位研究生入學考試初試試題
考試科目：815 經濟學綜合
一、 名詞解釋(每小題3分，共12 分)
    1、范圍經濟
     2、帕累托改進
     3、成本推動通貨膨脹
     4、流動性陷阱
二、單項選擇(10題，每小題1分，共10分)
  1、對于商品房價格將會進一步上升的預期，導致的直接結果是目前商品房市場中的（？）
      A．供應量增加  B：供給增加  C．需求量增加   D．需求增加
   2、如果閑暇是正常品，則財產性收入的增加會導致勞動供給量（？）
      A．增加    B．減少   C.不改變   D．不確定
3、根據基尼系數的大小，下列四個國家中哪一個國家的分配最為平均：（？）
      A.甲國的基尼系數為0.20       B.乙國的基尼系數為0.35
C.丙國的基尼系數為0.50       D.丁國的基尼系數為0.60
   4、在一級價格歧視下，（？）。     
      A．廠商根據消費者的需求價格彈性不同收取不同價格
      B．廠商可以在不同時間向消贊者收取不同價格
      C．廠商只是改變了定價的方式，但是并沒有改變產量水平
D．產品的邊際收益等于產品價格
   5、對于生產相同產品的廠商來說，（？）模型分析得到的結論與競爭模型的結論相同。
      A．古諾(Cournot)                B.斯塔克伯格（Stackbelberg）
     C．伯特蘭德(Bertrand)           D.主導廠商（Dominant Firm）
6、向政府雇員支付的報酬屬于（？）
      A.政府購買支出   B.轉移支付   C.政府稅收   D.消費
   7、決定美國和中國的投資乘數不一樣的因素主要是：
      A．兩國的平均消費傾向差異    B．兩國的邊際消費傾向差異
C．兩國的企業投資規模差異    D．兩國的投資預期收益差異
   8、在經濟增長模型中，衡量技術進步最常用的度量標準是（？）
      A．勞動利用程度              B．資本利用程度
C．索洛剩余                  D．勞動生產率
9、通常認為，下列屬于緊縮貨幣的政策是（？）
      A．提高貼現率                B．增加貨幣供給
C．降低法定準備金率          D．中央銀行頭入政府債券
10、在浮動匯率制的開放經濟中，凈出口受到實際擴率變動的影響，財政政策效應（？）
      A．與封閉經濟中的效應并無區別
      B．小于封閉經濟中的效應
      C．大于封閉經濟中的效應
D．可能大于、等于或小于封閉經濟中的效應
三、判斷下列表述的內容是否正確(每小題1 分，共10 分)
    1．如采所有商品的價格變成原來的兩倍，而收入變成原來收入的三倍，則消費者的預算線會平行向外移動。
     2．如果效用函數U(X，Y)=5X+6Y，則無差異曲線的邊際替代率是遞減的。
     3．只有當生產一定產量的生產者剩余非負時，廠商才會生產產品。
     4．根據古諾模型，如果廠商越多，那么達到均衡時行業的利潤越大。
     5．若生產和消費中存在正的外在性(externality)，競爭市場崢效率就能提高。
6．國內生產總值(GDP)中不包括折舊和轉移支付。
     7．附加預期的菲利普斯曲線表明：短期中通貨膨脹和失業之間存在替代關系，而長期中這種替代關系并不存在。
8、如果投機性貨幣需求曲線接近水平形狀，這意味著貨幣需求不受利率的影響。
     9、政府支出的增加將使總供給曲線向左移動。
10、失業救濟金的提高有助于降低自然失業率。
四、計算與分析題(每題8 分，共16 分)
    l、在某一商品市場上，有100個相同的消費者，每個人的需求函數都是Qd=28—2P；同時有10 個相同的生產者。，每個生產者的供給函數都是Qs=40P 一20。其中，Qd 和Qs分別代表需求量和供給量，單位：個；P代表價格，單位：元。
(1)求該商品的市場均衡價格和均衡交易量：
(2)如果政府對每單位商品征收3 元的銷售稅，消費者和生產者各自承擔了多少稅收負擔?政府得到的稅收總量是多少?  
(3)消費者剩余、生產者剩余及無謂損失有多大?
   2、假設某一國家的居民總是將可支配收入中的10％用于儲蓄，且充分就業的國民收入為7000 億美元。今年的私人投資支出為900 億美元，政府購買支出為600 億美元，出口為200億美元，自發性消費為500億美元，平均稅率為10％，進口函數為M=0.21Y。若，請計算今年該國政府的預算盈余和充分就業時預算盈余，并據i比說明該國政府目前的財政政策是擴張性的還是緊縮性的。

五、簡答題(每題7分，共28 分)
l、為什么說邊際報酬遞減規律是短期成本變動的決定因素?
2、舉例說明信息不對稱所產生的逆向選擇(adverse selection)問題如何導致了商品市場中的市場失靈。
3、為什么說消費物價指數(CPI)往往高估了價格上漲的幅度?
4、宏觀經濟政策的目標是什么?為達到這些目標可采用的政策工具有哪些？
六、論述題（每題12 分，共24 分）
1、物業稅，又稱“財產稅”或“地產稅”，主要針對土地、房屋等不動產，要求其所有者或承租人每年都繳付一定稅款，稅額隨房產的升值而提高，試利用經濟學原理分析征收物業稅對房地產市場會產生什么樣的影響？
2、根據IS—LM模型分析資本完全流動的開放經濟中貨幣政策的有效性。
七、英譯漢（共三段、共50 分）
1.（20分）Since the barbaric “breaking wheel” was replaced by the guillotine in 18th-century France, methods of execution have increasingly sought to end life speedily rather than inflict long agony. There can, however, be few decapitations less painful than those at big American banks. On November 4th Chuck Prince left the boss's office at Citigroup, the world's largest bank, with the “tremendous support and respect” of the board ringing in his ears, even though the firm had to write down $8
billion-11 billion in October alone (see article). A week earlier, Stan O'Neal lost his job at Merrill Lynch after leading the investment bank to a loss with $8.4 billion of write-downs. He too entered retirement not on a tumbril but in a limousine, with $160m to soothe his discomfort.

However churlish you may feel about Wall Street's new axiom—“the higher they fly, the bigger the parachute”—the departure of two of America's most senior bankers in a week is a good sign. Accountability, after all, is a step towards clarity, and there are few more coveted resources in today's fog-strewn and stormy banking industry. Both departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before. That attempt at honesty may have spooked the market because it showed how unsure the banks remain about how to value their subprime-related assets, but that is no reason to shy away from such disclosures.

One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to recognise and shed bad debts, in effect keeping “zombie” loans on their books. That is one reason why the country's economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognise their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.

2、Consumer Protection（20 分）

The contract of sale is one in which buyer and seller are assttmed to be in a position of general equality, so that the main function of the law is to work out the appropriate consequences of what may be assumed to be the common intention of the parties. It is obvious, however, that in a very large number of sales this is by itself an unsuitable technique. The buyer may by virtue of haste, ignorance, gullibility, inferior bargaining position or simple imprudence enter into a transaction in which the goods supplied, or the term of contract, or both are unsatisfactory to him and in many circumstances it may be felt that he is desmwing protection. The protection required may be specific,i.e. there may be a need for a private remedy in a particular situation; or general, i.e. it may be desirable to control unacceptable practices of a particular type. A seller may also, thought less often, appear to require such protection against the buyer. The civil law has on the whole, save in the case of conscious deception, taken little account of these problems: its outlook is indeed sometimes expressed by the maxitn caveat emptor (Latin: let the buyer beware). Even where there is a remedy, its exercise may be troublesome or risky for the consumer. But the general problem has in fact been the subject of attention for many centuries. Attempts to regulate the price of staple commodities (e.g. bread), and to control measurements and measuring equipment (e.g. in the sale of beer and coal) date back to the Middle Ages. More recently, however, the movement towards the protection of the consumer, who may in this context beroughly defined as private buyer from a commercial seller, and who is the person thought most in need of such protection, has increased greatly in strength and prominence. Statues and regulations have sought to protect consumers; officials have been appointed who have consumer protection as their function or among their functions ;organizations of consumers seek to promote their interests; studies are conducted into the problems of consumer protection; and the various organs of the European Union and its predecessors has since 1975 taken a vigorous interest in consumer affairs .Indeed, the European Community is committed to ensure “a high level of consumer protection”and to contributing “to protecting the health, safety and economic interests of consumers ,as well as promoting their right to information, education and to organise themselvesin order to safeguardtheir interests.

3、（10 分）Undoubtedly ,the overall competitiveness of an economy that runs a persistent deficit or surplus is a decisive factor influencing the sustainability of the trade or current-account balance. Indeed, in the past, large corrections of deficits usually went hand in hand with huge devaluations of the nominal and real values of the currencies affected. Empirical evidence has shown that changes in the real effective exchanges rate(REER),the most comprehensive measure of the overall competitiveness of countries, have the potential to reduce deficits or to cause swings in the trade and current account from deficit to surplus, because they induce an expenditure switch between demand for domestic and foreign goods.        zz

目前中國有20元紙幣嗎？

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