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英文寫作 文章的構建模式
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發表于 2010-10-22 00:36
樓主
武俠小說里的大俠常常武功蓋世，“小李飛刀”的“刀”已出神入化，但也是源于最初的基本套路；現代化的高樓大廈可以風格迥異，卻也都是構建于最基本的建筑結構之上。英語寫作也不例外，寫好它，有一套常規整體構建模式。今天我們就奉獻給大家一盤“豐盛的大餐”，花8分 鐘認真地讀完它，你可能會提高2－3分，花15分鐘仔細地研究一番，那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分檔啦！好吧，現在就開始行動吧！
英語寫作一般包括一個開頭段、一至兩個擴展段和一個結尾段。開頭段和結尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。 一、開頭段 開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應該在擴展段進行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可。 開頭段的作用：概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖。 【寫作要點】 寫開頭段時考生應該避免的若干問題: 1) 開頭偏離主題太遠； 2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句； 3) 內容不具體，言之無物； 4) 使用不言自明的陳述。 【方法例釋】 寫作文時，好多考生也是覺得開頭難，其實，寫開頭段有多種表達方法，如主題句法、提問法、引語法、數據法、背景法、定義法，等等，下面分別講解開頭的幾種展開方法: 1. 主題句法：開篇點明主題，用主題句，然后圍繞主題內容進行發展。例如： Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one？s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 2. 提問法：提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導性簡短討論。例如： What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work？based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things. 3. 引語法：使用引語(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。例如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 4. 數據法：使用具體詳實的數字或數據，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結所在。例如： In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent. 5. 背景法：給出背景，描述具體事件的時間、地點和發生背景等，例如： Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern. 6. 定義法：針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。例如： It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous. 從崇高到荒謬只有一步之遙。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it. 【他山之石】 開頭段常用核心句型 開頭段的常用核心句型，選一選適合你自己的“武器”： 1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that .... 2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that.... 3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that.... 4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that.... 5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that.... 6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that.... 7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected. 8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that.... 9) To assume that...is far from being proved. 10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is. 11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that.... 12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts.... 13) The problem / fact is that.... 14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. 15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that.... 16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with .... 17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that.... 18) Currently, there is a general concern over.... 19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether.... 20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case? Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it. 常人只想如何消磨時間，智者則努力利用時間。 二、中間段 中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。中間段的篇幅一般比開頭段和結尾段長，每段有相應的主題句，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數據或個人經歷等寫作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。 【寫作要點】 中間段的具體寫作要點如下： 1) 所涉及內容應該準確、清楚，頗具說服力； 2) 段落中一定具備主題句； 3) 段落內容應該保持完整、統一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細節； 4) 內容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強； 5) 段落之間連貫自然； 6) 段落中討論的內容主次分明，材料比例適當； 7) 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。 【方法例釋】 正如我們在第七天和第八天中所介紹的，段落展開的基本方法很多，這里簡要介紹三種中間段中常用的展開方法：列舉法、因果法、例證法。 1. 列舉法：用來列舉一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章層次分明，眉清目秀，閱卷老師在疲憊不堪的狀態下，看到這樣的文章，往往會有種在清澈的小溪邊小憩片刻的感覺，手一抬，分就高。下面這篇例文寫的是“健身的幾種方法”，脈絡一目了然。例文如下： There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health. 2. 因果法：說明原因，論述事理。下面這篇作文講的是“漢堡受歡迎的原因”，第一段提出問題“為什么受歡迎呢？”接下來在說原因時，用到了上面的列舉法，只不過不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，讓人感覺不落俗套。例文如下： Anger begins with folly, ends in repentance. 憤怒以愚蠢開始，以后悔告終。 The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular? First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger. 3. 例證法：舉具體的事例來證明觀點，這是議論文最常用的方法，盡量找最能體現觀點的例子，具體點，微觀點，給人說服力。請看下面作者論證“不勞無獲”的觀點，用的是拳擊運動的例子。例文如下： The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment. 【他山之石】 中間段常用核心句型 中間段的常用核心句型，同樣是20句，任你選！ 1) The change in...mainly results from .... 2) The increase in...is due to the fact that.... 3) Many people would claim that.... 4) One of the reasons given for...is that.... What is also worth noticing is that.... 5) There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in.... First, ... Second, ... Finally, ... 6) There is no evidence to suggest that.... 7) Why are (is / do / did)...? For one thing, .... For another, .... 8) There are numerous reasons why..., and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 9) It will exert remarkable effect on.... 10) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to) the change in.... 11) With the development of..., vast changes awaits this country？s society. 12) History is filled with the examples of.... 13) The story is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples. 14) As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that.... 15) There is (no) good evidence to.... 16) We must admit the undeniable fact that.... 17) No one can deny (brush aside) the fact that.... 18) Experience (Evidence) suggests that.... 19) The same is true of.... All lay load on the willing horse. 人善被人欺，馬善被人騎。20) As the saying goes, “....” 三、結尾段 【方法例釋】 結尾段要干脆利落，深化主題。結尾段的寫作方法很多，常用的有如下四種： 1. 總結歸納：簡要總結歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。例如： In conclusion, I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won？by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered. 2. 重申主題：再次強調和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。例如： Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man？s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually. 3. 預測展望：立足當前，放眼未來。例如： It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government？s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall. 4. 提出建議：提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應的行動。例如： College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up. 【他山之石】 結尾段的常用核心句型 He who commences many things finishes but a few. 樣樣都搞，完成者少。 開了個好頭，結尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是結尾段的常用核心句型，總共歸納精選了20句。 1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that .... 2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that 3) It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of .... 4) It is high time that we put an end to the unhealthy situation (tendency / phenomenon) of .... 5) There is no easy solution to the problem of ..., but ... might be useful. 6) Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that .... 7) Unless there is a common realization of ..., it is very likely that .... 8) There is no denying that serious attention must be called to the problem of .... 9) It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation. 10) It is fundamental that effective actions should be taken to control the tendency. 11) It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of .... 12) It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing / improving) .... 13) It remains to be seen whether ..., but the prospect is not quite encouraging. 14) It remains unknown whether ..., but the outlook is quite rosy. 15) Anyhow, wider education should be given to the possible consequences of .... 16) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of .... 17) To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires a different state of mind towards .... 18) To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards .... 19) For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that .... 20) To put all into a nutshell, I .... Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue. 勇氣和堅定是美德的精神與靈魂。 美文賞析 Youth Samuel Ullman Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life. Youth means a tempera？mental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals. 青春 塞繆爾？厄爾曼 青春不是年華，而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，而是深沉的意志，恢宏的想象，炙熱的戀情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流。青春氣貫長虹，勇銳蓋過怯弱，進取壓倒茍安。如此銳氣，二十后生而有之，六旬男子則更多見。年歲有加，并非垂老，理想丟棄，方墮暮年。Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self？distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.〖〗歲月悠悠，衰微只及肌膚；熱忱拋卻，頹廢必致靈魂。憂煩，惶恐，喪失自信，定使心靈扭曲，意氣如灰。Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being？s heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what？s next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.〖〗無論年屆花甲，擬或二八芳齡，心中皆有生命之歡樂，奇跡之誘惑，孩童般天真久盛不衰。人人心中皆有一個無線電臺，只要你從天上人間接收美好、希望、歡樂、勇氣和力量的信號，你就青春永駐，風華常存。When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80. 一旦天氣下降，銳氣便被冰雪覆蓋，玩世不恭、自暴自棄油然而生，即使年方二十，實已垂垂老矣；然則只要豎起天線，捕捉樂觀信號，你就有望在八十高齡告別塵寰時仍覺年輕。太平洋戰爭打得正酣之時，麥克阿瑟將軍常常從繁忙中抬起頭，注視著掛在墻上的鏡框，鏡框里是篇文章，名為《青春》。這篇文章一直伴隨著他，也跟著他到了日本。后來，日本人在東京的美軍總部發現了它，《青春》便開始在日本流傳。在日本實業界，只要有成就者，沒有哪一個不熟知不應用這篇美文的，就連松下電器的創始人松下幸之助幾十年來也把《青春》當作他的座右銘。 評語：強烈建議將該文背誦，無論英文和譯文。所附的譯文也是很美的，可謂與原文互為輝映，令人贊嘆不已。如此佳作，不敢私藏，獻與諸位共賞。 |
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