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一、考點概述
虛擬語氣有不同的體現形式,在考研英語中多個題型中都有體現,既是考研英語學習的難點,也是考生易失分處。在考研英語中命題頻率最高的是if虛擬條件句,考生需要掌握其形式及其反映的意義。此外,還有if虛擬條件句的省略倒裝句式,以及暗含條件的虛擬語氣也是考生學習重點。對其他類型的虛擬語氣也要有所了解。對于常見的特殊虛擬語氣可以當作固定句式準確記憶。
二、要點精析
虛擬語氣主要是表示動作或狀態不是客觀存在的事實,而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設或推測等。虛擬語氣,作為動詞的一種表現形式,主要是通過動詞的不同時態來體現。主要有以下幾種:
1.If引導的虛擬條件句
既可以是真實條件狀語從句,也可以是非真實條件狀語從句。
(1)表示對現在事實的假設
條件狀語從句謂語用過去時,如是謂語動詞為be動詞時只能用were,主句謂語用should/would/could/might+動詞原形。
例:If I were a bird, I could fly out of the world. 如果我是一只鳥,我會飛離這個世界。
(2)表示對過去事實的假設
條件狀語從句謂語用過去完成時,主句謂語用should/would/could/might+ have+過去分詞的形式。
例:If you had not hurried, you would have missed the train.
如果你沒抓緊的話,早就錯過了這班車了。
(3)表示對將來事實的假設
條件狀語從句謂語用過去時,主句謂語用should/would/could/might+ 動詞原形的形式。
例:If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car. 如果我中彩票了,會買一輛車。
(4)省略if的倒裝句
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含were, should或had, 可將if省略,再把were,should或had移到從句句首,構成倒裝。
例:Had I enough money, I would run a company. (= If I had enough money, I would…)
如果我有足夠的錢,就會自己開辦公司。
2.表示愿望的虛擬語氣
表示主觀愿望時可以用wish, if only, would rather/ would sooner/ would just as soon, would prefer, might as well 等。
(1)wish 后的賓語從句的用法
① 表示對現在情況的虛擬:從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式表示,be的過去式用were。
② 表示對過去情況的虛擬:從句動詞用had+過去分詞。
③ 表示對將來的主觀愿望:謂語動詞形式為would/ could/ should/might+動詞原形。
(2)if only引導的感嘆虛擬句:表示“要是……就好了”
① 表示與現在或未來事情的感嘆虛擬句中,謂語一般用過去時或would/ could/ should/might+動詞原形。
② 表示對過去發生事情的感嘆虛擬句中,謂語用過去完成時。
(3)在would rather等句中的用法
在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等后面所跟的從句中,也可以用虛擬語氣表示愿望,意為“寧愿、但愿”。
① “would rather/ would sooner等+主語+謂語動詞過去時”,表示現在或將來的情況。
② “would rather/ would sooner等+主語+謂語動詞過去完成時”,表示過去的情況。
3.特殊的虛擬條件句
(1)暗含條件的虛擬語氣
常見的引導暗含條件句的詞或短語有:without, but for, but that, otherwise, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等。
例:Without your help, we could not have succeeded.
要是沒有你的幫助,我們就不會成功的。
(2)狀語從句中含有虛擬語氣
① as if/as though引導的方式狀語從句
② lest/ in case/for fear that引導的目的狀語從句:謂語動詞是should+動詞原形
(3)名詞性從句中含有虛擬語氣
① 主語從句中的虛擬語氣
在“it is (was) +形容詞(或過去分詞)+that…”結構中,如果形容詞或過去分詞表示建議、命令和要求等,那么that引導主語從句中的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣,其形式為:should+動詞原形。
② 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
某些表示建議、命令和要求意義的動詞后所接賓語從句中的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣,其形式為:should +動詞原形。適用的動詞有:ask, advise, determine, command, insist, move,propose, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, demand, direct等。
(4)特殊句型中含有虛擬語氣
It’s (high/about) time…從句中的虛擬語氣,意為“是做某事的時候了”,從句中謂語動詞用一般過去時。
三、真題體驗
Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone gotten one. [2002, 完型]
分析:
A. 分析句子結構。該句主句是Countless divorced politicians would have been elected。had they even thought of a divorce 是從句,是省略if的倒裝條件句。out of office years ago和let alone gotten one都是狀語。
B. 分析虛擬語氣。主句Countless divorced politicians would have been elected和從句中 had they even thought of a divorce中的謂語動詞分別是would have been elected、 had thought,體現了虛擬語氣。其中,從句是省略了if倒裝條件句。
C. 譯文:現如今,許多政客都紛紛離婚,這要是在幾年前都是不可能的。那時,不說真的離婚了,只要他們有離婚的想法,就一定會被趕下臺。
狀語從句 (Adverbial Clause)指句子用作狀語時,起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導,也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開,位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。英語狀語從句用在主句后面的較多,而漢語的狀語從句用在主句前的較多,因此,在許多情況下,應將狀語從句放在主句前面。下面我們通過一些實例說明其常用的翻譯方法。
【真題例句1】
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
【解析】
可拆分為:While there are almost as many definitions of history //as there are historians, // modern practice most closely conforms to one // that sees history //as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
主句:modern practice most closely conforms to one;從句:讓步狀語從句While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians;比較狀語從句as there are historians;定語從句that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past修飾one。主干結構是While there are almost as... as there are... +主句,While引導讓步狀語從句,此句與漢語句序符合漢語習慣未作調整,仍放于主句前。從句中as... as結構是比較級,這句話直譯為“有多少歷史學家,就有多少關于歷史的定義。
【參考譯文】
幾乎每個歷史學家對史學都有自己的界定,但現代史學家的實踐最趨向于認為,歷史學是試圖重現過去的重大史實并對其做出解釋。
【真題例句2】
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
【解析】
可拆分為:In general, //the tests work most effectively //when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined //and least effectively //when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
主句:the tests work most effectively when... and least effectively when...,主句中嵌套了兩個并列的時間狀語從句when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined和when... can not be well defined,第二個時間狀語從句中又嵌套了一個主語從句what is to be measured or predicted做此狀語從句的主語。本句在翻譯的時候將一個主從復合句,適當調整成了兩個獨立的單句(即:the tests work most effectively when..., and the tests work least effectively when...),并把兩個狀語分別提前了,更符合漢語表達習慣。
【參考譯文】
一般地說,當所要測定的特征能很精確界定時,測試最為有效;而當所要測定或預測的東西不能明確地界定時,測試的效果則最差。
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