2014考研英語(yǔ)：閱讀理解之觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題解題秘籍

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根據(jù)歷年考研英語(yǔ)大綱規(guī)定可知，考查考生理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。這種題型要求考生把握作者寫作某篇文章的目的，搞清作者對(duì)文章所論述的觀點(diǎn)和中心是什么態(tài)度。考研英語(yǔ)試卷對(duì)這一部分的考查主要表現(xiàn)為情感態(tài)度題。海文考研提醒大家，該題型常問(wèn)作者對(duì)某事是什么態(tài)度：主觀（subjective）還是客觀（objective） ；肯定（positive）還是否定（negative） ；贊成（approval）還是反對(duì)（opposition）等等。解題的關(guān)鍵是要看作者在文中用了什么樣的口氣。若用褒義詞，顯然是贊成。若用貶義詞，顯然是反對(duì)。若客觀陳述，則是中性的立場(chǎng)，不偏不倚。注意：作者態(tài)度常常在轉(zhuǎn)折詞后表明出來(lái)。所以，but一詞至關(guān)重要（還有類似的yet， however， although，nevertheless等）。
　　
這種題目對(duì)考生而言難度較大，迷惑性也較強(qiáng)，因?yàn)槊�題專家是針對(duì)整篇文章設(shè)問(wèn)，考生很難找到具體對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在談一件事時(shí)是用反諷的口氣，還是贊成的語(yǔ)氣，此類題所給的答案選項(xiàng)一般是四個(gè)形容詞，考生應(yīng)在審題時(shí)就把握好這四個(gè)形容詞所表達(dá)的意思，然后返回文章去尋找信息。特別提醒考生要牢記所遇到的構(gòu)成作者態(tài)度題選項(xiàng)的每一個(gè)形容詞。做文章作者態(tài)度題時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要把考生自己的態(tài)度揉進(jìn)文章中，同時(shí)要注意區(qū)分作者本人的態(tài)度與作者引用的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。
　　
理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度是近幾年考試的熱點(diǎn)題目，考生在做此類題時(shí)要把握這樣的判斷原則：既縱觀全文，掌握主題思想有要注意文章的措辭，把握文章的基調(diào)或主旨（tenor），又要分清文章的話語(yǔ)范圍（field）及話語(yǔ)方式（mode）。
　　
該題型常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)形式有：
　　
1） The tone of the passage can best be described as ____
　　
2） The tone of the passage would be _____
　　
3） Which of the following best describes the tone of thepassage____

4） What is the attitude of the author towards____

5） How does the writer feel about______
　
6） The writer is of the opinion that_____

7） The author seems to be _____

情感和態(tài)度在考研中大致可分為三類：happy/unhappy；security/insecurity； satisfaction/dissatisfaction， 它們作為標(biāo)記語(yǔ)反映出作者對(duì)某個(gè)現(xiàn)象采取的姿態(tài)，并從情感的角度評(píng)價(jià)該現(xiàn)象。因此，考生既要依靠文章的中心思想作為前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是作為修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞。

我們以2003年的閱讀Text 4為例具體說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)：

Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician， I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffectiveand painful. I also know that people in Japanand Sweden，countries that spend far less on medical care， have achieved longer， healthierlives than we have. As a nation， we may be overfunding the quest for unlikelycures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improvepeople‘s lives.

59. In contras to the U.S.，Japan and Sweden are funding their medicalcare .

[A] more flexibly

[B] more extravagantly

[C] more cautiously

[D] more reasonably

作者用limits，ineffective， painful這些消極的詞語(yǔ)暗示了美國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)的缺憾，通過(guò)把握這些詞語(yǔ)，我們就能得出D為正確選項(xiàng)。所以我們對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解是有一定差異的，又如尼克松簽訂1972年公報(bào)時(shí)，對(duì)“一個(gè)中國(guó)”原則，他手下的修辭專家用了acknowledge 而不用recognize.因?yàn)楹笳呤钦�式的，外交的，打心底里的承認(rèn)，而前者是一種模糊，對(duì)某種既成事實(shí)的有限度接受，但在中文里出現(xiàn)的就是我們理解的“承認(rèn)”。

可見(jiàn)考生在平時(shí)的單詞理解中要結(jié)合不同的語(yǔ)境，不同的文章體裁，綜合地認(rèn)知寓意，才能透徹地理解作者的意圖。

另外，判斷作者情感態(tài)度除了關(guān)注作者的措辭，還要可以通過(guò)關(guān)注作者的舉例角度和講解角度，來(lái)判斷文章作者的態(tài)度傾向：如果作者的一直論述某事物的積極地向上的方面，其態(tài)度基本上是積極樂(lè)觀的；如果作者舉例論證某觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，給的例子是正面的，那么我們同樣可以判斷作者的態(tài)度是積極樂(lè)觀的；如果作者的論述有好有壞，舉例有正面有反面，我基本上可以判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀的。同樣，我們通過(guò)具體的真題案例進(jìn)一步解釋這一點(diǎn)。

再例1997年第54題：

It was 3：45 in the morning when the vote was finallytaken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentarydebates， Australia‘s Northern Territorybecame the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the livesof incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincingvote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and waspicked up， half a world away， by John Hofsess， executive director of the Rightto Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service， DeathNET. Says Hofsess： “We posted bulletins all day long， because of course thisisn‘t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”

The full import may take awhile to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally IIIlaw has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral andpractical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief， others， includingchurches， right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association， bitterlyattacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely toturn back. In Australia—— where an aging population， life extending technology and changing communityattitudes have all played their part —— other states are going to considermaking a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the USand Canada，where the right to die movement is gathering strength， observers are waitingfor the dominoes to start falling.

Under the new Northern Territory law，an adult patient can request death —— probably by a deadly injection or pill ——to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill bytwo doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days， the patient can sign acertificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For LloydNickson， a 54 year old Darwinresident suffering from lung cancer， the NT Rights of Terminally III law meanshe can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering： aterrifying death from his breathing condition. “I‘m not afraid of dying from aspiritual point of view， but what I was afraid of was how I’d go， because I‘vewatched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at theirmasks，” he says.

54.The author‘s attitude towards euthanasiaseems to be that of ________.

[A]opposition

[B]suspicion

[C]approval

[D]indifference

我們通過(guò)閱讀該文，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章首段記述了安樂(lè)死法案通過(guò)以及當(dāng)時(shí)在全球引起的反響，首段作者使用“it is world history”，來(lái)表達(dá)他對(duì)該事件的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為它意義重大；緊接著在第二段，作者首先討論世人對(duì)此態(tài)度不一，但是作者通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)折，指出這個(gè)潮流不太可能被逆轉(zhuǎn)了。第三段，作者用一個(gè)肺癌病人為例，該病人認(rèn)為安樂(lè)死法案的通過(guò)意味著自己可以平靜地度過(guò)最后的時(shí)光，不用擔(dān)心臨死前要遭受的折磨。很明顯這個(gè)事例是認(rèn)識(shí)安樂(lè)死法案的通過(guò)是一件好事。那么文章就作者的態(tài)度命題，答案肯定是approval.