What is an employee? Judges in several American courts are grappling with just this question. Most notably, some drivers for Uber, an app-based taxi service, are suing to have themselves declared employees, rather than independent contractors, in a bid to gain more rights. With technology making it ever easier to farm out small tasks, and freelancing on the rise, the traditional definition of employment may eventually break down. 什么是雇工?在美國,很多法官正在糾結這個問題。我們注意到,APP乘車服務軟件“優步”的一些司機們正在奔走呼號,想要公司承認他們是“雇工”而不是獨立的“合同工”,從而獲取更多的權益。鑒于技術正在使分包小任務更加容易,自由職業正在蓬勃發展,“雇工”的傳統定義最終可能會被打破。
Firms with employees use plans and hierarchies to get things done; those who use contractors rely on markets and prices instead. Contracting, then, is not new. But campaigners for workers' rights worry about the use of contractors in the rapidly growing app economy. Often, governments and companies provide benefits exclusively to employees. Are contractors missing out?那么,“雇工”與“合同工”有什么差別呢?一般來講,使用雇工的公司是利用“計劃”和“等級”讓事情得以解決,而使用合同工的公司依靠的是“市場”和“價格”。 雇傭工人為“合同工”并不是新鮮事,但領工人權利的造勢者擔心的是合同工在日新月異的APP經濟中的使用。常見的情況是,政府和企業只給雇工提供福利。合同工正在錯失這些福利嗎?
雇工福利主要有三大類:醫療保險、養老保險和失業保險(three broad categories: public pensions, health care, and unemployment insurance)。Again, there is no free lunch for workers when employers foot the bill. Numerous studies have found that the more firms pay for health insurance, the less they pay in wages. 雇主支付賬單的時候,是不會給員工提供免費午餐的。研究表明,企業為醫療保險出的錢越多,以工資形式發下來的錢就越少。
這篇文章來源于2015年9月的《經濟學人》,文章最后指出Turning freelancers for firms like Uber into employees would not necessarily improve their lot優步的自由職業者轉變成雇工不一定會改善他們的命運。因為魚與熊掌不可兼得you can’t pushing on a string! 泛讀是對背景知識的必要補充,希望2016考研的考生在忙于復習考研英語真題的同時,也要注意泛讀的積累。預祝大家復習順利,旗開得勝。